<html><head></head><body><div class="ydp615d4ac3yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span><p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a name="3690199925692656901"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Messico - Per comprendere la violenza
antizapatista</span></b></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">19 gennaio 2019</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Para entender la violencia
antizapatista<br>
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">di<i> <b>Peter
Rosset*</b></i><br>
<!--[endif]--></span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Gli indigeni
sono violenti? Gli zapatisti sono violenti? C'è molta confusione riguardo alla violenza in Chiapas. <br>
Qui provo a offrire una breve guida per la sua interpretazione.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">La controinsurrezione
in Chiapas si basa, in parte, sull'attuazione di politiche volte a frammentare le
organizzazioni contadine, indigene e comunitarie, creando fazioni sempre più piccole,
settarie, opportunistiche e manipolabili. Ciò si ottiene offrendo risorse ai leader
locali e regionali per progetti produttivi e di assistenza, candidature, posti nella
pubblica amministrazione, ecc., facendo perno su bisogni oggettivi delle loro basi
e sul loro opportunismo, sulla gelosia e sul risentimento.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Queste offerte
sono condizionate esplicitamente o implicitamente al loro allontanamento dallo zapatismo.
Il suo obiettivo è isolare politicamente i ribelli. Queste risorse e posizioni sono
anche usate per provocare un conflitto aperto, sia con la violenza che senza di
essa, contro le basi e le comunità zapatiste. <br>
Per stimolare la violenza, vengono usati problemi e dispute locali, spesso preesistenti,
che spesso non sono neppure legati allo Zapatismo in quanto tale. Questi sono conflitti
che sono comuni, e anche normali, nella società rurale, all'interno e all'esterno
del Chiapas.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Tra questi tipi
di problemi ci sono le dispute sui confini terrieri, specialmente in contesti in
cui alcuni vogliono regolarizzare il possesso della terra e altri no; accesso o
controllo sulle risorse locali, come acqua, alberi da legname, terreni adatti allo
sviluppo urbano e cave di sabbia e ghiaia; differenze familiari e religiose; rappresentanze
di partiti politici; la disputa per accaparrarsi i progetti produttivi o di assistenza;
dispute sul protagonismo e l'interlocuzione con lo stato, così come l'avidità, i
rancori, i risentimenti e le gelosie storiche, ecc. <br>
L'azione dello stato manipolatore può trasformare qualsiasi problema latente preesistente
in una frattura aperta.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Tuttavia, sarebbe
un errore vedere lo stato come una entità monolitica. Al suo interno ci sono entrambe
le fazioni che cercano di incoraggiare la violenza al massimo e le forze che cercano
di moderarla, in modo da non spaventare gli investitori e i turisti. Ciò fa sì che,
da un lato, la violenza antizapatista venga promossa attraverso premi (progetti,
post, candidature) e, dall'altro, si provi a risolvere il conflitto. Questo provoca
che gruppi contadini prima ricevano aiuti e poi per un certo tempo smettano di averli
fino a quando non vengono attaccati. <br>
Questi gruppi che aggrediscono le comunità in resistenza si alternano nel loro lavoro
di attacco.<br>
Le ostilità contro gli zapatisti sono spesso riportate nei mezzi di comunicazione
tradizionali con un pregiudizio razzista e classista. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Sono presentati
come meri conflitti locali o scontri e/o litigi tra contadini, derivanti dal fatto
che gli indigeni sono violenti di loro e che i poveri passano il loro tempo uccidendosi
a vicenda. Questa violenza serve come giustificazione per le forze dell'ordine per
agire contro le basi di appoggio zapatiste.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Spesso le organizzazioni
contadine nazionali si dissociano dai loro affiliati locali quando commettono atti
violenti. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">I gruppi locali
appartenenti alle organizzazioni nazionali si formano, si dividono, si ricompongono
e si uniscono molto rapidamente. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Molte volte i
leader nazionali non sono nemmeno aggiornati su ciò che accade tra le loro basi.
Ma la loro decisione di tracciare un confine tra loro e i loro ex membri non significa
che non siano appartenuti in passato a quell'organizzazione nazionale e che, in
futuro, non potrebbero ancora esserlo.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">A volte le spiegazioni
dei leader nazionali sono un pretesto; tuttavia, accade anche che semplicemente
ignorano ciò che sta succedendo con le loro basi.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">La controinsurrezione
in Chiapas utilizza i conflitti locali come parte centrale della sua strategia.
</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">I problemi locali
preesistenti sono gli alberi, la politica controinsurrezionale è il bosco. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Bisogna vedere
entrambi gli aspetti contemporaneamente. L'importante è capire e non dimenticare
che il bosco è formato dall'insieme degli alberi.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Infine, c'è un
ulteriore elemento da non perdere di vista. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Nei territori
contesi in Chiapas predominano due visioni.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Una, quella zapatista,
è la costruzione graduale dell'autonomia territoriale, indigena e contadina, l'educazione
autonoma, la salute e la giustizia, l'agroecologia e l'autogoverno. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">È una visione
che sta diventando realtà, a poco a poco. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">L'altra è più
meschina, a breve termine, vicino al potere, alla ricerca di benefici individuali
e immediati.</span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Coloro che si
identificano in basso e a sinistra preferiscono la visione zapatista e vogliono
che sia in grado di consolidarsi sempre di più come alternativa ed esempio. </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Per questo, è
necessario il totale ripudio di tutte le aggressioni contro lo zapatismo.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">(*) Esperto in questioni rurali, professore
dell'Università del Michigan. Tra i suoi libri c'è Promised Land: Visions
Competing of Agrarian Reform.</span></i></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT"> </span></i></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Testo
originale <a href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2014/05/10/opinion/020a1pol" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.jornada.com.mx/2014/05/10/opinion/020a1pol</a>
</span></i></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">L'articolo è
del 2014 ma le attuali condizioni sono le medesime.</span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT"> </span></i></p>

<p class="ydp50a0655eMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT">Traduzione Cooperazione
Rebelde Napoli</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman;mso-fareast-language:IT"></span></p></span></div></body></html>